Apontamentos da 11ª Classe, Inglês,Unidade 2

 Unit II 

Topic: Relationships 

Lesson 6

Summary: 2.1. Concept of relationship

                  2.1.1. Types of relationships 

2.1. Concept of relationship 

 When we talk about relationship, we mean the way people or things are connected or related. In a teaching and learning institution like our school, for example, the relationship is between 'teacher - to - student' and 'peer - to - peer' built on mutual respect, trust, and positive communication to foster a healthy learning environment. 

Relationship can also be understood as being a state of affairs existing between two people or groups of individuals having relations or dealings.  

2.1.1. Types of relationships 

There are many ways of how people or things are connected or related, but in this paper, we’ll focus on the:

a) Family relationship;

b) Romantic relationship, and 

c) Friendship 

a) Family relationship refers to individuals who are either connected or related by blood/birth, marriage or legal adoption; 

b) Romantic relationship refers to a connection between two individuals who are physically, sexually and emotionally attracted. It can also be understood as being a connection between two people who are deeply in love;

c) Friendship relationship refers to a relation between two people characterized by mutual care, support, respect and enjoyment of spending time together. It is a kind of relationship where two people watch 'each one's back'.

2.1.2. Assignment 

1. Mention and give definitions of other types of relationships.

Lesson 7

Summary: 2. 2. Family relationships 

           2.2.1. Concept of Family and members of a family 

           2.2.2. Family tree 

2.2.1. Concept of Family 

A family can be understood as being a pair of people of opposite sex connected by the knots of marriage/ blood living together with their children in a household. Others may prefer to define a family as a set of two people legally married to each other living together with their children in a household. 

In Europe, a modern family consists of father and mother (parents) and children. However, in Africa, a family is extended to uncles, cousins and aunts as well as grandparents. 

a) Members of a modern family

A modern family is composed by parents (husband and wife) and children (brothers and sisters). Whilst in a traditional family, a part from parents and children, uncles, aunts, cousins as well as grandparents are taken as being members of the same family. 

2.2.2. Family tree

A family tree refers to a chart or diagram which shows how members of a family are related/connected. 

Look at the family tree below:

Fig. 1: family tree

In this family tree, Gloves and Zira are Junior, Jumara and Cossa´s parents. Junior is married to Tania and they have got two children, Yuran and Bela. Cossa is married to Bia and they were blessed with one daughter, Tawila. Yuran and Bela are Tawila´s cousins. Tawila and Bela are Jumara´s nieces. Bia and Tania are Gloves and Zira´s daughters-in-law. 

Assignment 2

I. Through the information given in the passage below, draw a family tree.

Danúbio has been married to Zezinha for 30 years; they have 4 children Junior, Erica, Mateus and Úrsula. Júnior is married to Eunice and they are blessed with two children, Yuran and Safira. Erica is married to Allan and they have got a daughter and unborn child on the way. Mateus and Úrsula are too young, so they are still at school studying.  

II. Complete the gaps with the appropriate word/words:

1. Danúbio and Zezinha are ..................................................... to Junior and Erica.

2. Yuran and Safira are Danubio's ...............................................................

3. Allan is Zezinha’s ...................................................................................

4. Úrsula is Safira 's .....................................................................................

5. Junior and Eunice are ................................................................ to Yuran and Safira. 

Lesson 8

Summary: 2. 3. Possessive case ('+s)

Study these examples:

a) Junior and Eunice are Yuran's parents. 

b) Danubio is Safira's grandfather. 

Both sentences a) and b) indicate possession. In a) the expression Yuran's parents is equivalent to parents of Yuran; and the expression Safira's grandfather in b), is the same as to say the grandfather of Safira. So, possessive case is defined as being as an apostrophe (') + s. It is used to indicate ownership/ possession. 

In the sentence: These are my brother's books. The expression my brother’s books is = to one brother who has got more than one book. And in the sentence: This is my children's room. The expression my children's room refers to more than two people who have got one room. 

Exercise 

Rewrite these sentences using the possessive case; number one sentence was done as an example:

1. These are the books of my brother. 

answer: These are my brother's books.

2. Can you see the houses of my family over there?

3. I saw the car of my sister Helen parked outside.

4. Maria sold the pen of her sister Julia.

5. Mariana married the man of her dreams. 

Lesson 9

Summary: 2. 4. Gerunds and infinitives

2.4. 1. Gerund

A gerund is a verb form that ends in“-ing” and is used as a noun, for example: smoking, reading, going, drinking, etc;

a) Gerund form used as a subject of a sentence:

Running is a good exercise.

b) Gerund form used as an object of a verb:

My father stopped smoking

 2.4.1.1. Verbs followed by a gerund form

Some verbs that are followed by a gerund form include: like, avoid, stop, agree, enjoy, imagine, keep, admit, suggest, etc.

Examples:

a) I like eating banana.

b) Lucia enjoys visiting her parents.

c) Richard admitted stealing the money.

c) My sister keeps on telling lies.

2.4.2. Infinitive

An infinitive is the base form of a verb preceded by the preposition “to” and used as a noun, adverb or adjective. Examples: to walk, to travel, to vote, to come, to vote, to smoke, etc.

Infinitive form used as a subject of a sentence:

To vote is a legal obligation.

Infinitive form used as an object of a verb:

b) My cousin invited me to come.

c) I accept to help you with your homework.

1.2.1. Verbs followed by infinitive form

Common verbs followed by an Infinitive include: ask, accept, decide, like, beg, demand, hope, help, need, want, wish, etc.

Examples:

a) Lira wants to play football.

b) I wish to see you again.

c) She asked me to go home.

Exercise 

II. Choose the best alternatives (A, B, C or D) to fill in the gaps:

1. Maria Rosa keeps on _________my coffee cup without asking!

A take B taking C to take D takes

2. I can't imagine ____________ in a place without electricity.

A living B to live C live D leave

3. I hope__________the exam at the end of the course.

A to pass B pass C passing D passes

4. They voted________________ the tax on cigarettes.

A increasing B increase C to increase D increased

5. She asked__________ the manager.

A to see B seeing C see D seen

Lesson 10

Summary: 2. 5. Adverbs of degree 

Study these examples:

a) This car is very expensive 

b) The coffee given to my sister is too hot. 

The words very in sentence a) and too in sentence b) are both adverbs of degree; they are used to show the intensity of something. The difference between them is that very is positive and too is negative. For example, the car is very expensive, but I can buy it. I the case, the coffee given to my sister is too hot that my sister can't drink it.

Other adverbs of degree include: really, enough, absolutely, extremely, hardly, etc...